Applied statistics in the Natural Sciences

The course addresses research questions that can be studied using quantitative methodology, focusing on study design and fundamental statistical concepts. Principles for conducting and analysing statistical investigations are introduced. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of results and drawing conclusions based on statistical significance, effect size, and generalisability. Students are also given a practical introduction to handling empirical data using a statistical software package. Main components include: - Fundamental statistical concepts such as variable, distribution, parameter, randomness, and variation - Measures of central tendency and dispersion, and appropriate graphical techniques - Uncertainty in estimations, hypothesis testing, interpretation of p-values, and statistical power - Common statistical tests (parametric and non-parametric) for group comparisons - Correlation - Linear regression - Validity and generalisability - Use of computer-based statistical software